Rafael Sattarov

On August 14, 2026, Shavkat Mirziyoyev signed a constitutional law giving Uzbekistan’s Presidential Administration a statutory identity for the first time. The text reads as administrative housekeeping. It is better understood as the peace treaty that ended a war inside the president’s own family — and as the instrument that […]

The Organization of Turkic States (OTS) is meeting more often, its summits attracting more attention, and Recep Tayyip Erdogan is invoking Pan-Turkic imagery with increasing frequency. Against this backdrop, academic and policy debate over Pan-Turkism and Turanism has revived — and the two terms are routinely conflated. They are not